الترجمة العربية والتحديث على الرابط
Arabic translation and updating
https://sites.google.com/site/alaroo...rative-metrics
On the shore of comparative metrics- Numerical Prosody
Meter is used as a measure both in many physical aspects starting with distance or length extending to electricity, sound, water flow, heat etc. though the units may differ between a system and another, the word has the same implication to all people in all feilds. It implies the existence of a quantity composed of units.
This applies in the field of poetry or rather poetries of the word, regardless of the variation of the measurement unit.
I am aware of three types of prosodies : quantitative , accentual and syllabic
Many unit pairs are being used in scansion in various languages as well as in the same languges. These units have different names.
Here are some examples in Western, Arabic and other prosodies
For the pair of (Small, long, unaccentual, unstressed) and( Big, long,strong, accentual, stressed)
Following languages’ symbols are
Arabic 1: ( o - ) , (- o) , (o / ) (u /) (1 2)
Urdu : ( s L) , ( - = ) , (~ - )
Persian : ( u - )
Turkish : ( . - )
Western : ( da DUM ) , (x / ) , ( u s )
Pàëi 2 : ( 1 2 )
Indian 3 -Sanskrit : ( 1 2 )
Unifying symbols by using 1 and 2 only would be a step to familiarize the poetry meter of a certain language to those who even do not speak that language and will facilitate the study of comperative prosody.
We should carry in mind in this regards that the same ( numerical) meter in two languages has one of two indications:
1- Resemblance when the two prosodies are of the same type
. Arabic ,Latin and Hindu prosodies are quantitative.
Khabab in Arabic and French are syllabic
2- Analogy(4) when two prosodies belong to two types. English is a stress based language, old Roman and Greek prosodies are quantitative.
Here are some examples of comparison:
1- Between Arabic and western prosodies
A line of trochaic heptameter consists of seven trochees in a row:
DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da
2 .......1..... 2.......1..... 2... 1..... 2.... 1..... 2 .....1 ........2 ....1 .....2 ....1
A line of trochaic hexameter consists of six trochees in a row:
DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da / DUM da
2 ......1...... 2.... 1..... 2..... 1..... 2 ...1 ......2 ...1........ 2 ......1
:Abul’ataheyah says
ليس كلّ من أراد حاجةً...... ثمّ جدّ في طلابها قضاها
LAY...sa...KOL...lo...MAN...‘a...RA...da...HA...ja ...Tan
2.........1......2......1....2..........1.....2.. ...1......2....1.....2.....1
TOM…ma…JAD...da…FE….ti…..LA…bi….HA …. qa …DA.…HA
2...........1......2.......1......2....1........2 .....1......2......1.......2....... 2
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2Sanskrit and Arabic
http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/skt-meter.pdf
Page:
d. – – u – – u u – u – –= 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 = 4 3 2 1 3 3 2
lab dho da y¯a can dra ma s¯ı va le kha¯
labdhodaya¯ candramas¯ıva lekha¯
‘like the crescent of the risen moon.’ Indravajr¯a (H.2.154)
Ahmed Shawqee says:
ما كلّنا ينفعه لسانُهْ ........ في الناس من ينطقه مكانُهْ
MA .... KOL… lo ……... NA……... YAN…. fa …. ‘o……HO ….li ….SA…... NOH
FIN NA si MAN……….YON ….. ti…….qo …..HO….ma….KA…..NOH
2…….. 2 …….1……..….2 ……….…. 2……….1…….1……..2 ……1…….. 2…..……2
Arabic…= 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 = 4 3 2 1 3 3 2
Sanskrit = 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 = 4 3 2 1 3 3 2
They are precisely the same.
on the right side of the above equation we have gone a step further in grouping numbers as followed in Arabic Numarical Prosody ( ANP) where two consecutive steps are followed :
1- We add 1 2 = 3 every 1 2 = 3
2- We may add even numbers 2 2 = 4 …… 2 22 = 6
The priority is for step 1
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1 https://sites.google.com/site/alarood/r3/Home/tareekh
2http://www.metta.lk/english/Prosody/index.htm
http://www.metta.lk/english/Prosody/Prosody1.htm#one17
figures in italics are the symbols used in Numerical Arabic prosody which is very limited as used in : http://arood.com/vb/
1 = short; ………….……1
2 = long; ………………..2
3 = short or long, .......................................[2]...1
6 = one long or two shorts; ……………………….2
.....[2]...................5 = one short or one long or two shorts
rty = one short, one long & one short or two longs; 121 =31 or 2 2
31e = two shorts & one long or one long & two shorts.= 11 2 or 2 11 ……. (2)2 or (2)2 ….. ((4) or (4))
(3)http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digi..._00000194.jpg
http://www.al-mostafa.info/data/arab...le=i000269.pdf
(4) https://www2.bc.edu/~richarad/lcb/fe...mpmetrics.html 3
English is a stress-timed language, French is syllable-timed. Poets in both languages made efforts to import the quantitative metres from classical Greek and Latin. In French these attempts failed in a very short time, and became mere historical curiosities. French poetry remained with the syllabic versification system, which is congenial to a syllable-timed language. English Renaissance poets thought they succeeded in the adaptation of the quantitative metre. But they were doing something that was very different from what they thought they were doing: working in a stress timed language, they based their metre on the more or less regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, and not as they thought, on the regular alternation of longer and shorter syllables. They used the same names and graphic notation for the various metres, but the system was utterly different, and well- suited to the nature of a stress-timed language
