:fl: السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
ندعو الله لك يا أستاذ حسام بأن يرزقك الصبر على جمع الأخطاء فقد قمنا بالتدريس من قبل وعانينا ما تعانيه!
فيما يلي إجابتي على الأجزاء الثلاثة الأولى:
Part 1
Policy is the thoughts related to the protection of people's affairs, whether such affairs are rules: Beliefs or judgments, actions currently taking place, actions already took place, or actions that will take place, or are pieces of news. In case they are in real world situations, they are considered to be policy, whether such situations are in present or in the future. However, if they are out of date, i.e. if they are realities that timed out, whether recently or a long time ago, they are considered to be history
..........
Scholars have defined policy to be the art of possibilities, or the art of performing what is possible, and the protection of the interior and foreign affairs of a nation. Such protection is performed by the state and the nation because the state practically supervises the referred to affairs and the nation holds the state answerable for them
....................
In case one wants to be a politician, he/she must have political experience either by understanding policy and practising it, and this is the politician who really deserves such a title and a credit, or by understanding it without practising, and this one is called the academic politician. For a person to have previous experience, he/she must have three important qualities: First, he/she should be politically knowledgeable. Second, he/she should be aware of the political current events, and in the third place comes his /her ability to pick out the political pieces of news
.................
International Policy and Foreign Policy are an integral part of policy, as they are policies in the first place. That is to say, policy is going to be meaningless in case it does not reflect the thoughts of protecting a people's affairs and the thoughts of protecting the affairs of other nations and states. So, the most important part of policy is considered to be the International Policy and the Foreign Policy
.................
Bolshevism is a communistic doctrine established by Lenin. This term is derived from the Russian word bolche which refers to the extremist majority, and this resulted because a minority of Lenin's followers had rebelled against him during the Great War while the extremist majority remained loyal to him. Lenin believes that it is impossible for a social institution to convert suddenly from Capitalism to Communism. Instead, there should be a stage of transition during which the doctrine of collectivism is applied so that the brains of people can become easily adaptable. Communism in Russia is based on the unity of the state and the unity of authority in addition to the cancellation of all aspects of selfish use and the dividing of society into sections, and, instead, applying Socialism over all people
.......................
Cold War is a term referring to the dispute and the conflict arising between two states or two political fronts without having any of them to resort to the real use of Armed Forces. Such a conflict is always an ideological political one where all the state's capabilities, with the exception of the military one, are used. In case the military weapons are used, the cold war is converted into a hot war
الجزء الثاني:
السياسة هي مجموعة من القرارات المتماسكة التي يتخذها ممثل أو مجموعة من الممثلين السياسيين فيما يتعلق باختيار الأهداف والوسائل اللازمة لتحقيقها في موقف معين على أن يكون هؤلاء الممثلين قادرين- من حيث المبدأ- على تنفيذ تلك القرارات. ومن هنا، يرى جينكينز أن وضع السياسة يعتبر في ذاته عملية، وليس مجرد اختيارًا.
............................
السلطة مشتقة من الشرعية. فعندما تتمتع الحكومة بالشرعية، سوف يطيعها الشعب لأنه يعتقد أنه من الصواب أن يُحكم بهذه الطريقة. وهذا هو سر النجاح في أي نظام سياسي، وفيه يكمن السبب الذي سيجعل الديكتاتوريات العسكرية التي تحصل على السلطة بالقوة تسعى لتحقيق الحكم المدني الديمقراطي.
................
الجزء الثالث
لو لم يكن هناك حكومة، لما وجدنا ما نسخر منه في فرنسا.
إنني لا أحكي نكتًا، ولكنني أراقب الحكومة وأسجل الوقائع.
كم يعاني السياسيون!
نصف سمعتك تدمره الأكاذيب، والنصف الآخر تقضي عليه الحقيقة.
الزعماء يذبحون الشياه، والسياسيون عليهم سلخها.
******************
الجزء الرابع
Policy is a plan of action for tackling political issues. It is often initiated by a political party in government, which undergoes reforms and changes by interested actors (for example, opposition parties and lobby groups). Policy designates a process. This process includes the elaboration of programs by different, usually public and private collective actors and the way the programs are then applied as concrete programs and actions
شـكــ وبارك الله فيك ـــرا ...