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[معتصم الحارث الضوّي]

الأخت الكريمة سعاد
للأسف لا أظن أن هناك قواميس مخصصة لهذا الغرض، والحل الوحيد في نظري هو مقارنة الترجمات التي تنشرها الصحف العربية الرصينة للعناوين الأجنبية، وسبرها بُغية التعرّف على مكوناتها وطرائقها.

مع فائق تقديري

[يونس طه]

In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Merci-Giving


أختنا الكريمة سعاد
ارى ان ما تحتاجينه هو كتاب
Practical English Usage

وهذا كل ما يتعلق بموضوعك من هذا الكتاب



headlines

1

special language
Headlines are the short titles above news reports (e.g. RUSSIAN WOMAN
LANDS ON MOON). English news headlines can be very difficult to
understand. One reason for this is that headlines are often written in a special
style, which is very different from ordinary English. In this style there are some
special rules of grammar, and words are often used in unusual ways.
2 grammar
a Headlines are not always complete sentences. Many headlines consist of noun
phrases with no verb.
MORE WAGE CUTS HOLIDAY HOTEL DEATH
EXETER MAN'S DOUBLE MARRIAGE BID
b Headlines often contain strings of three, four or more nouns; nouns earlier in
the string modify those that follow.
FURNITURE FACTORY PAY CUT ROW
Headlines like these can be difficult to understand. It sometimes helps to read
them backwards. FURNITURE FACTORY PAY CUT ROW refers to a ROW
(disagreement) about a CUT (reduction) in PAY at a FACTORY that makes
FURNITURE.
c Headlines often leave out articles and the verb be.
SHAKESPEARE PLAY IMMORAL SAYS HEADMASTER
SCHOOLBOY WALKS IN SPACE
d In headlines, simple tenses are often used instead of progressive or perfect
forms. The simple present is used for both present and past events.
BLIND GIRL CLIMBS EVEREST (= ... has climbed ... )
STUDENTS FIGHT FOR COURSE CHANGES (= ... are fighting ... )
The present progressive is used to talk about changes. Be is usually dropped.
BRITAIN GETTING WARMER, SAY SCIENTISTS
TRADE FIGURES IMPROVING
e Many headline words are used as both nouns and verbs, and nouns are often
used to modify other nouns (see paragraph 2b). So it is not always easy to work
out the structure of a sentence. Compare:
us CUTS AID TO THIRD WORLD (= The US reduces its help ... CUTS is a
verb, AID is a noun.) ~



AID CUTS ROW (= There has been a disagreement about the reduction in
aid. AID and CUTS are both nouns.)
CUTS AID REBELS (= The reduction is helping the revolutionaries. CUTS is
a noun, AID is a verb.)
f Headlines often use infinitives to refer to the future.
PM TO VISIT AUSTRALIA
HOSPITALS TO TAKE FEWER PATIENTS
For is also used to refer to future movements or plans.
TROOPS FOR GLASGOW? (= Are soldiers going to be sent to Glasgow?)
9 Auxiliary verbs are usually dropped from passive structures.
MURDER HUNT: MAN HELD (= ... a man is being held by police. )
SIX KILLED IN EXPLOSION (= Six people have been killed ... )
Note that forms like HELD, ATTACKED are usually past participles with
passive meanings, not past tenses (which are rare in headlines). Compare:
- AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKED (= ... the President has been attacked.)
AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKS CRITICS
(= ... the President has attacked her critics.)
- BOY FOUND SAFE (= The missing boy has been found safe; he is safe.)
BOY FINDS SAFE (= A boy has found a safe.)
h As and in are often used instead of longer connecting expressions.
HOSPITAL BOSS AXED AS PATIENTS DIE (= ... because patients die.)
FOOTBALL MANAGER IN CAR CRASH
A colon ( is often used to separate the subject of a headline from what is said
about it.
STRIKES: PM TO ACT MOTORWAY CRASH: DEA TH TOLL RISES
Quotation marks C .. .') are used to show that words were said by somebody
else, and that the report does not necessarily claim that they are true.
CRASH DRIVER 'HAD BEEN DRINKING'
A question mark (?) is often used when something is not certain.
CRISIS OVER BY SEPTEMBER?
For other styles with special grammar, see 1.
3 vocabulary
Short words save space, and so they are very common in headlines. Some of
the short words in headlines are unusual in ordinary language (e.g. curb,
meaning 'restrict' or 'restriction'), and some are used in special senses which
they do not often have in ordinary language (e.g. bid, meaning 'attempt').
Other words are chosen not because they are short, but because they sound
dramatic (e.g. blaze, which means 'big fire', and is used in headlines to refer to
any fire). The following is a list of common headline vocabulary.
act take action; do something
FOOD CRISIS: GOVERNMENT TO ACT
aid military or financial help; to help
MORE AID FOR POOR COUNTRIES
UNIO'NS AID HOSPITAL STRIKERS
alert alarm, warning
FLOOD ALERT ON EAST COAST



allege make an accusation
WOMAN ALLEGES UNFAIR TREA TMENT
appear appear in court accused of a crime
MP TO APPEAR ON DRUGS CHARGES
axe abolish, close down; abolition, closure
COUNTRY BUS SERVICES AXED
SMALL SCHOOLS FACE AXE
BA British Airways
BA MAKES RECORD LOSS
back support
AMERICA BACKS BRITISH PEACE MOVE
ban forbid, refuse to allow something; prohibition
US BANS STEEL IMPORTS
NEW BAN ON DEMONSTRATIONS
bar refuse/refusal to allow entry
HOTEL BARS FOOTBALL FANS
NEW BAR ON IMMIGRANTS
bid attempt
JAPANESE WOMEN IN NEW EVEREST BID
blast explosion; criticise violently
BLAST AT PALACE
PM BLASTS CRITICS
blaze fire
SIX DIE IN HOTEL BLAZE
block stop, delay
TORIES BLOCK TEACHERS' PAY DEAL
blow bad news; discouragement; unfortunate happening
SMITH ILL: BLOW TO WORLD CUP HOPES
bolster give support/encouragement to
EXPORT FIGURES BOLSTER CITY CONFIDENCE
bond political/business association
NEW TRADE BONDS WITH ICELAND
boom big increase; prosperous period
SPENDING BOOM OVER, SAYS MINISTER
boost encourage(ment); to increase; an increase
PLAN TO BOOST EXPORTS
brink edge (of disaster)
WORLD ON BRINK OF WAR
Brussels the European Community parliament and administration
BRUSSELS BANS BRITISH BLACKBERRY WINE
call (for) demand/ appeal (for)
CALL FOR STRIKE TALKS
HOSPITAL ROW: MP CALLS FOR ENQUIRY
campaign organised effort to achieve social or political result
MP LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR PRISON REFORM
cash money
MORE CASH NEEDED FOR SCHOOLS
charge accusation (by police)
THREE MEN HELD ON BOMB CHARGE



chop abolition, closure
300 BANK BRANCHES FACE CHOP
City London's financial institutions
NEW TRADE FIGURES PLEASE CITY
claim (make) a statement that something is true (especially when there may
be disagreement); pay claim demand for higher wages
SCIENTIST CLAIMS CANCER BREAKTHROUGH
RACISM CLAIM IN NAVY
TEACHERS' PAY CLAIM REJECTED
clamp down on deal firmly with (usually something illegal)
POLICE TO CLAMP DOWN ON SPEEDING
clash quarrel, fight (noun or verb)
PM IN CLASH OVER ARMS SALES
STUDENTS CLASH WITH POLICE
clear find innocent
DOCTOR CLEARED OF DRUGS CHARGE
Commons the House of Commons (in Parliament)
MINISTERS IN COMMONS CLASH OVER HOUSING
con swindle
TEENAGERS CON WIDOW OUT OF LIFE SAVINGS
crackdown firm application of the law
GOVERNMENT PROMISES CRACKDOWN ON DRUGS DEALERS
crash financial failure
BANK CRASH THREATENS TO BRING DOWN GOVERNMENT
curb restrict; restriction
NEW PRICE CURBS
cut reduce; reduction
BRITAIN CUTS OVERSEAS AID
NEW HEALTH SERVICE CUTS
cutback reduction (usually financial)
TEACHERS SLAM SCHOOL CUTBACKS
dash (make) quick journey
PM IN DASH TO BLAST HOSPITAL
deadlock disagreement that cannot be solved
DEADLOCK IN PEACE TALKS
deal agreement, bargain
TEACHERS REJECT NEW PAY DEAL
demo demonstration
30 ARRESTED IN ANTI~TAX DEMO
dole unemployment pay
DOLE QUEUES LENGTHEN
drama dramatic event; tense situation
PRINCE IN AIRPORT DRAMA
drive united effort
DRIVE TO SAVE WATER
drop give up, get rid of; fall (noun)
GOVERNMENT TO DROP CHILD LABOUR PLAN
BIG DROP IN INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT
due expected to arrive
QUEEN DUE IN BERLIN TODAY
page 214
headlines 240
duo DNO people
HANDICAPPED DUO ROW ACROSS ATLANTIC
EU The European Union
EU TRADE MINISTERS TO MEET
edge move gradually
WORLD EDGES TOWARDS WAR
envoy ambassador
FRENCH ENVOY DISAPPEARS
face be threatened by
HOSPITALS FACE MORE CUTS STRIKERS FACE SACK
feud long-lasting quarrel or dispute
FAMILY FEUD EXPLODES INTO VIOLENCE: SIX HELD
find something that is found
BEACH FIND MAY BE BONES OF UNKNOWN DINOSAUR
firm determined not to change
PM FIRM ON TAX LEVELS
flak heavy criticism
GOVERNMENT FACES FLAK OVER VAT
flare begin violently
RIOTS FLARE IN ULSTER
foil prevent somebody from succeeding
TWELVE-YEAR-OLD FOILS BANK RAIDERS
fraud swindle, deceit
JAIL FOR TICKET FRA UD MEN
freeze keep(ing) prices etc at their present level; block(ing) a bank account
MINISTER WANTS TWO- YEAR PAY FREEZE
DRUG PROFITS FROZEN
fuel provide reason for growth (of anger, protest etc)
PAY FREEZE FUELS UNION ANGER
gag consortship), prevent (ion) from speaking
AFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS
gems jewels
£2m GEMS STOLEN
go resign; be lost, disappear
PM TO GO?
4,000 JOBS TO GO IN NORTH
go for be sold for
PICASSO DRA WING GOES FOR £5m
go-ahead approval
SCOTTISH ROAD PLAN GETS GO-AHEAD
grab take violently
INVESTORS GRAB SHARES IN SCOTTISH COMPANIES
grip control; hold tightly
REBELS TIGHTEN GRIP ON SOUTH
COLD WAVE GRIPS COUNTRY
gun down shoot
TERRORISTS GUN DOWN PRIEST
page 215
headlines 240
hail welcome, praise
PM HAILS PEACE PLAN
halt stop
CAR PLANT TO HALT PRODUCTION
haul amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police or customs
TRAIN ROBBERY: BIG GOLD HAUL
RECORD DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT
head lead; leader
PM TO HEAD TRADE MISSION
COMMONWEALTH HEADS TO MEET IN OTTAWA
head for/to move towards
ECONOMY HEADING FOR DISASTER, EXPERTS WARN
heed pay attention to
GOVERNMENT MUST HEED DIVORCE FIGURES, SAYS BISHOP
hike (AmE)rise in costs, prices etc
INTEREST HIKE WILL HIT BUSINESS
hit affect badly
SNOWSTORMS HIT TRANSPORT
hit out at attack (with words)
PM HITS OUT AT CRITICS
hitch problem that causes delay
LAST-MINUTE HITCH DELAYS SATELLITE LAUNCH
hold arrest; keep under arrest
MAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST
POLICE HOLD TERROR SUSPECT
in (the) red in debt; making a financial loss
BRITISH STEEL IN RED
IRA Irish Republican Army
IRA LEADER MAKES STATEMENT
jail prison
JAIL FOR PEACE MARCHERS
jobless unemployed (people)
THREE MILLION JOBLESS BY APRIL?
key important, vital
KEY WITNESS VANISHES
landslide victory by large majority in election
LANDSLIDE FOR NATIONALISTS
lash criticise violently
BISHOP LASHES TV SEX AND VIOLENCE
launch send (satellite etc) into space; begin (campaign etc); put (new
product) on market
SPACE TELESCOPE LAUNCH DELAYED
ENVIRONMENT MINISTER LAUNCHES CAMPAiGN FOR CLEANER
BEACHES
BRITiSH FIRM LA UNCHES THROW-A WA Y CHAIRS
lead clue (in police enquiry)
NEW LEAD IN PHONEBOX MURDER CASE
page 216
headlines 240
leak unofficial publication of secret information
PM FURIOUS OVER TAX PLAN LEAKS
leap big increase
LEAP IN IMPORTS
life imprisonment 'for life'
LIFE FOR AXE MURDERER
link connection, contact
NEW TRADE LINKS WITH PERU
loom threaten to happen
VAT ON FOOD: NEW ROW LOOMS
Lords the House of Lords (in Parliament)
LORDS VOTE ON DOG REGISTRATION
lotto the national lottery
DANCING GRANDMOTHER IN RECORD LOTTO WIN
mar spoil
CROWD VIOLENCE MARS CUP FINAL
mercy intended to save lives
DOCTOR IN MERCY DASH TO EVEREST
mission delegation (official group sent to conference ete)
SHOTS FIRED AT UN MISSION
mob angry crowd; organised crime / Mafia (AmE)
MOBS RAMPAGE THROUGH CITY STREETS
MOB LEADERS HELD
move step towards a particular result (often political)
MOVE TO BOOST TRADE LINKS WITH JAPAN
MP Member of Parliament
MP DENIES DRUGS CHARGE
MEP Member of the European Parliament
MEPS WANT MORE PAY
nail force somebody to admit the truth
MP NAILS MINISTER ON PIT CLOSURE PLANS
net win, capture
TWO SISTERS NET £3m IN POOLS WIN
no 10 the Prime Minister's residence (No 10 Downing Street)
ANOTHER PETfTION HANDED IN AT No 10
OAP old age pensioner; anybody over 65
OAPS MARCH AGAINST WAR PLANS
odds chances, probability
JONES RE-ELECTED AGAINST THE ODDS
on about, on the subject of, concerning
NEW MOVE ON PENSIONS
opt (for) choose
WALES OPTS FOR INDEPENDENCE
oust drive out, replace
MODERATES OUSTED IN UNION ELECTIONS
out to intending to
NATfONALISTS OUT TO CAPTURE MASS VOTE
page 217
headlines 240
over about, on the subject of, because of
ROW OVER AID CUTS
pact agreement
DEFENCE PACT RUNS INTO TROUBLE
pay wages
TRANSPORT PAY TALKS BREAK DOWN
PC police constable
PC SHOT IN BANK RAID
peak high point
BANK LENDING HITS NEW PEAK
peer lord; Member of the House of Lords
PEERS REJECT GOVERNMENT WAGE-FREEZE BAN
peg hold (prices etc) at present level
BANKS PEG INTEREST RA TES
pensioner old age pensioner; anybody over 65
PENSIONER SKIS DOWN MONT BLANC
peril danger
FLOOD PERIL IN THAMES VALLEY
pit coal mine
PIT TURNED INTO MUSEUM
plant factory
STEEL PLANT BLAZE
plea call for help
BIG RESPONSE TO PLEA FOR FLOOD AID
pledge promise
GOVERNMENT GIVES PLEDGE ON JOBLESS
PM Prime Minister
EGG THROWN AT PM
poised to ready to, about to
TORIES POISED TO MAKE ELECTION GAINS
poll election; public opinion survey
TORIES AHEAD IN POLLS
pools football pools: a form of gambling in which people guess the results of
football matches
SISTERS SHARE BIG POOLS WIN
premier head of government
GREEK PREMIER TO VISIT UK
press the newspapers
BID TO GAG PRESS OVER DEFENCE SPENDING
press (for) urge, encourage, ask for urgently
MINISTER PRESSED TO ACT ON HOUSING
OPPOSITION PRESS FOR ENQUIRY ON AIR CRASHES
probe investigation; investigate
CALL FOR STUDENT DRUGS PROBE
POLICE PROBE RACING SCANDAL
pull out withdraw; pull-out withdrawal
US PULLS OUT OF ARMS TALKS
CHURCH CALLS FOR BRITISH PULL OUT FROM ULSTER
push (for) ask for, encourage
SCHOOLS PUSH FOR MORE CASH
page 218
quake earthquake
HOUSES DAMAGED IN WELSH QUAKE
quit resign, leave
CHURCH LEADER QUITS
MINISTER TO QUIT GOVERNMENT
quiz question (verb)
POLICE QUIZ MILLIONAIRE SUPERMARKET BOSS
raid enter and search; attack (noun and verb), rob, robbery
POLICE RAID DUCHESS'S FLAT
BIG GEMS RAID
rampage riot
FOOTBALL FANS RAMPAGE THROUGH SEASIDE TOWNS
rap criticise
DOCTORS RAP NEW MINISTRY PLANS
rates (bank) interest rates
RATES RISE EXPECTED
record bigger than ever before
RECORD LOSS BY INSURANCE FIRM
riddle mystery
MISSING ENVOY RIDDLE: WOMAN HELD
rift division, disagreement
LA[30UR RIFT OVER DEFENCE POLICY
rock shock, shake
BANK SEX SCANDAL ROCKS CITY
IRELAND ROCKED BY QUAKE
row noisy disagreement, quarrel
NEW ROW OVER PENSION CUTS
rule out reject the possibility of
PM RULES OUT AUTUMN ELECTION
sack dismiss(al) from job
STRIKING POSTMEN FACE SACK
saga long-running news story
NEW REVELATIONS IN BANK SEX SAGA
scare public alarm, alarming rumour
TYPHOID SCARE IN SOUTHWEST
scoop win (prize etc)
PENSIONER SCOOPS LOTTO FORTUNE
scrap throw out (as useless)
GOVERNMENT SCRAPS NEW ROAD PLANS
seek look for
POLICE SEEK WITNESS TO KILLING
seize take (especially in police and customs searches)
POLICE SEIZE ARMS AFTER CAR CHASE
£3m DRUGS SEIZED AT AIRPORT
set to ready to; about to
INTEREST RATES SET TO RISE
shed get rid of
CAR FIRM TO SHED 5,000 JOBS
headlines 240
page 219
headlines 240
slam criticise violently
BISHOP SLAMS DEFENCE POLICY
slash cut, reduce drastically
GOVERNMENT TO SLASH HEALTH EXPENDITURE
slate criticise
PM SLA TES BISHOP
slay (AmE)murder
FREEWAY KILLER SLAYS SIX
slump fall (economic)
EXPORTS SLUMP CITY FEARS NEW SLUMP
snatch rob, robbery
BIG WAGES SNATCH IN WEST END
soar rise dramatically
IMPORTS SOAR FOR THIRD MONTH
spark cause (trouble) to start
REFEREE'S DECISION SPARKS RIOT
split disagree(ment)
CABINET SPLIT ON PRICES POLICY
spree wild spending expedition
BUS DRIVER SPENDS £30,000 IN THREE-DAY CREDIT CARD SPREE
stake financial interest
JAPANESE BUY STAKE IN BRITISH AIRWAYS
storm angry public disagreement
STORM OVER NEW STRIKE LAW
storm out of leave angrily
TEACHERS' LEADERS STORM OUT OF MEETING
stun surprise, shock
JOBLESS FIGURES STUN CITY
surge sudden increase; rise suddenly
SURGE IN JOBLESS FIGURES
swap exchange
HEART SWAP BOY BETTER
sway persuade
HOSPITAL PROTEST SWAYS MINISTERS
switch to change; a change
DEFENCE POLICY SWITCH
swoop to raid; a police raid
POLICE IN DAWN SWOOP ON DRUGS GANG
threat danger
TEACHERS' STRIKE THREAT
toll number killed
QUAKE TOLL MAY BE £5,000
top (adj)senior, most important
TOP BANKER KIDNAPPED
top (verb)exceed
IMPORTS TOP LAST YEAR'S FIGURES
Tory Conservative
VICTORY FOR TORY MODERATES
trio three people
JAILBREAK TRIO RECAPTURED
page 220
hear and listen (to) 241
troops soldiers
MORE TROOPS FOR BORDER AREA
UK The United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
BRUSSELS CRITICISES UK JAIL CONDITIONS
Ulster Northern Ireland
PM IN SECRET TRIP TO ULSTER
UN The United Nations
UN IN RED: CANNOT BALANCE BUDGET
urge encourage
GOVERNMENT URGED TO ACT ON POLLUTION
US The United States of America
US URGED TO PULL OUT OF MIDDLE EAST
VAT value added tax
NEXT, VAT ON BABYFOOD?
vow promise
EXILED PRESIDENT VOWS TO RETURN
walk out leave in protest
CAR WORKERS WALK OUT OVER WAGE FREEZE
web world-wide web, internet
WEB SHOPPING UP BY 50% IN TWO YEARS
wed many
BISHOP TO WED ACTRESS

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