محاضرات فى اساسيات الترجمة الجزء الثانى
اخوانى الاعضاء اليكم الجزء الثانى من محاضرات فى اساسيات الترجمة
من اخوكم كمال كامل عبدالحميد
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Translation : Past and Present
Translation in the past used to focus on the form of the message . To them , what is important in translation is reproducing stylistic specialties such as rhythms , rhymes , plays on words , plays with words puns and unusual grammatical structures among others .
So , translation in the past focused on form of the message not on the meaning .
The new focus , on the other hand , has shifted . Translators become more interested in the message itself ; the content of the original takes the priority .
In the past , translators used to focus on the form and focus on rhyme and rhythm . So , they used to neglect the meaning and focus on form and style . But translation nowadays has shifted . Nowadays , translators just focus on the meaning .
De Beaugrande (1980 : 291) believes that " the equivalence between a text and its translation can be neither inform nor in lexical meanings , but only in the experience of the text receivers ."
- Text receivers : متلقي النص
So , meaning today is very important in translation because if you do not understand what you are translating , the reader will not understand either .
In addition , translators nowadays are mainly interested in their readership and their response . The aim of translating is to make the translated text understood by and clear to the target readers .
So , you have to keep the text as it is because the text is not yours ; it is written by somebody else , and your job is to translate it into the new language , but you know that you cannot keep the text (in terms of form ) as it is ; i.e. you have to introduce certain changes .
Such understanding or clarity has to match , as far as possible , what readers of the original text understanding . Companies , for example , as finally put it , when trying to advertise their product worldwide , have to study the reactions of target texts receivers before actually translating their ads .
So , when you translate from a language into another , you need to be aware of the receivers , you need to be aware of their language and their culture . So , even companies – when translate from language into another – they need to consult the native speakers of the target language .
Let us continue reading :
There have been several occasions in which firms have lived to regret not checking with native – speakers the connotation of trademark in given language …………………………........... New mark , for example , stresses the idea that translation across culture , regardless how different they are , is always possible because of the possibility of explanation .
So , the perfect or the ideal situation is to try to preserve both form and meaning .
إذا الحالة المثالية هي ان نحافظ على الشكل والمضمون .
Now , let us read what New mark says about this:
No language , no culture is to ' primitive ' that it cannot embrace the terms and the concepts of , …………………………………… it requires greater space in the target languages text .
New mark says that we cannot say that any language in the world in incapable of containing technology concepts .
Many scholars define translation in different ways but most of them , ……………………….. Peter New mark , for example , believes that translation is " reading the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text ."
So , the focus here is on the author's intention ; if he – the translator – translates what the author tends to say , then this is a good translator .
Similarly , Catford defines translation as " the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) [source language ] by equivalent material in another language (TL) [ target language ]. "
إذا الترجمة هي عبارة عن استبدال نص في (source language) بمكافئ له في ( target language) .
In this case , translation become a process of replacement you are replacing with a target text .
A more comprehensive definition is given by Newmark where he suggests that :
Notice that all these definition are revolving around the same point :
Translation is a craft consists in the attempt to replace a written message…………………. The basic is on a continuum between overtranslation ( increased detail ) and undertranslation ( increased generalization) .
- " overtranslation " ( increase details) تفاصيل كثيرة
- " undertranslation " (increase generalization) تعميم
Newmark says that during the process of translation , a loss of meaning occurs .
So what are the reasons behind the loss of meaning according to Newmark ?
• The first reason is overtanslation .
• The second reason is undertranslation .
This meaning that we are going to experience a loss of meaning either if we over-translate or under-translate the text . So , translators try to get close the original meaning .
Let's move to next paragraph :
A translation is never final there are no absolutes ; new suggestion can always be made .
إذا ليس هناك ترجمة نهائية فهناك دائما اقتراحات جديدة .
Let us read the last passage in this chapter :
Unfortunately , translation is still being imposed as an exercise in felicitous English style , …………………. Nothing is purely objective or subjective . There are not cast iron rules . Everything is more or less .
Problematic Words :
• Although , though :
these are linking words that connect two sentences together , and they may be used interchangeably . These two words mean even though , regardless , or in spite of the fact . Examples :
- Although he is rich , he us mean (بخيل) .
- Though I was nervous , I got to my feet .
We can use these two words in different places in the sentence :
" Although " is more commonly used at the begging of a sentence .
" Though " is preferred over " although " at the end of a statement . For example :
- He looked healthy to me , though .
" Though " is more commonly used to link words to phrases . For example :
- He got out if that experience a sadder though wiser man .
• Ambiguous , equivocal , unequivocal :
" ambiguous " : ( غامض) .
" equivocal " : ( مريب , مشكوك فيه) .
" unequivocal " : ( واضح , جلي) .
These words are very confusing when we want to use them .
So , please pay attention to their different meaning :
Ambiguous means :
1- Words that have several possible meanings .
2- Words which are open to different interpretations .
- "Several" : (more than two ) .
Equivocal is closely related in meaning to "ambiguous " but it is more often used to signify:
1- " not determined " .
2- " of doubtful nature " .
3- " open to double interpretation " .
So , the difference between " ambiguous " and " equivocal " is :
Ambiguous you have several meanings , several interpretations .
Equivocal you have mainly two meanings , two interpretation .
" Ambiguous " is applied only to written or spoken statements .
" Equivocal " can be applied to speech , writing , actions , and ideas .
" Unequivocal " is directly opposite in meaning to " equivocal " , and it means clear , having only one possible meaning or interpretation .
• Amiable , amicable :
actually , these words area closely related in meaning . These two words area derived from the same Latin word meaning " friendly " . So , both " amiable " and " amicable " mean " friendly " .
When I use " amiable " , I mean somebody who is nice and good-natured .
So , amiable implies sweetness of temper , kindheartedness , or good-natured obligingness .
Amicable has somewhat similar meaning , but is stresses the idea of being at peace or not being disposed to quarrel .
I will give you two examples on using the words " amiable " and " amicable " ; try to understand the difference between them . For examples , when I say , " Jim is a kind and amiable person ." I mean that Jim is kind , lovely . social . etc .
Now , an example of " amicable" :
' We reached an amicable agreement . '
We cannot use " amiable " in this sentence because we are talking about being at peace .
• Amoral , immoral , unmoral :
Amoral : cannot be judge according to the criteria of morality .
Immoral : wicked ( فاسد) , depraved , contrary to accepted principles of right and wrong .
( لا أخلاقي ) .
Unmoral : unable to distinguish between right and wrong .
• Anxious , eager :
- Anxious : worried ( مضطرب) .
- Eager : keenly desire ( تواق).
" eager " : " keenly desirous " and " wanting to " .
For example :
- I am eager to see my friend .
So , I am looking forward to see him ; I want to see him so badly .
" Eager " has a positive meaning . you are eager for something good . you cannot be eager for something bad .
" Anxious " : implies " anxiety " , worry " or " uneasiness " .
For example :
- He was anxious about my safety .
We cannot say , " He was eager about my self . " So , he is anxious or worried about my safety
Notice: that we rarely use " eager " where " anxious " is meant , but " anxious " is often incorrectly substituted for " eager " . For example :
- The small boy was eager ( not anxious ) to go fishing .
So , one is anxious about something of which he is fearful .
One is eager concerning something looked forward to .
So , we say :
- You are anxious because of the result .
- You are eager to know the result .
• Assume , presume :
المفردتين لهما نفس المعنى وهو ( افتراض ) ولكن ((assume افتراض بدون دليل .
These two words " assume " and " presume " have related but distinguishable meaning :
To " assume " means :
1- To take something for granted .
2- To infer without proof .
For example :
We are going on a picnic tomorrow and someone says : " Let's assume that it is going to rain tomorrow , what shall we do ? " So , he means " Suppose it is going to rain tomorrow . " He does not know whether it is going to rain or not and he used the verb " assume " .
To " presume " means :
1- To believe something to be a fact .
2- To infer as true without actual proof to the contrary .
3- To suppose .
For example :
- " He did not say when he would return but I presume he will come back for dinner . "
This means that he did not tell me that he would be back for dinner and I used " presumed " not " assume " .
By the way , these two words are interchangeable .
• Assure , ensure , insure :
" Assure " means :
1- To guarantee something .
2- To convince ( يؤكد , يقنع) .
For example :
- I assure you of my good intensions .
- I assure you this medicine causes no harm .
It is something like " I promise you it will not cause you any harm and I guarantee this . "
The proposition that we use with " assure " is optional . So , you can say " I assure to you " , and you can say " I assure you " .
" Ensure " and " insure " have the same meaning :
To make certain or to guard against loss .
" Insure " is applied to both people and property .
" insure " means ( يكفل , يؤمن) .
" insurance " means (التأمين) .
Examples :
- I am insured against fire .
- My house is insured against fire .
" Assure " usually refers only to persons .
• Average , medium , mean :
" average " : ( معدل).
So , if we have the following numbers , for example :
5 3 1 8 1 3 5 8 / 4 = average .
لدينا مجموعة من الأرقام غير مرتبة , نرتبها ونقسمها على عدد الأرقام الموجودة لدينا والناتج نسميه (average) .
" Medium " :
If we have some numbers like :
5 10 1 15 3 1 3 5 10 15
لدينا مجموعة من الأرقام نرتبها تصاعديا أو تنازليا ثم نستخرج الرقم الأوسط هذا الرقم نسميه (medium) .
" mean " :
If we have some numbers like :
2 4 5 10 17 2+17/ 2 = mean
لدينا مجموعة من الأرقام المرتبة , نأخذ أصغر رقم وأكبر رقم من المجموعة ونقسمها على العدد 2 والناتج نسميه (mean).
• Bipartisan , partisan , bipartite :
" Bipartisan " : متعلق بحزبين
" Partisan " : متعلق بحزب واحد
" Bipartite " : اتفاقية ثنائية
- إننا نستخدم (partisan) عندما يكون الشخص منتمي لحزب معين أو طرف واحد . بينما نستخدم (bipartisan) عندما يكون الشخص موالي لحزبين .
(bipartite) هي الحكومة التي تحكم من قبل طرفيين , أي طرق محتل وطرف تحت الاحتلال .
-اراكم قريبا وارجوا الرد استحلفكم بالله
كمال كامل عبدالحميد
مدرس لغه انجليزية وطالب بدبلومة الترجمة
رد مع اقتباس
رد: محاضرات فى اساسيات الترجمة الجزء الثانى
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